Pharmaceutical Job related All Examples

Chatper: Pharmaceutical Production

Wet granulators
1. Shear granulator
2. High speed granulator
3. Fluidized bed granulator
4. Spray drier
5. Spheronizer

Dry granulators
1. Slugger
2. Roller compactor

Critical Quality Attributes of Fluid Bed Granulation Process
⇨ Moisture Content
⇨ Particle size

Critical process parameters of Fluid Bed Granulation Process
⇨ Inlet air flow
⇨ Inlet air temperature
⇨ Spray rate
⇨ Atomising pressure



Examples of Chelating agents
Dihydroxy ethyl glycine
Citric acid
Tartaric acid

Problems of Tableting
Binding
Capping
Chipping
Cracking
Double impression
Hardness variation
Lamination
Mottling
Picking
Sticking
Weight variation

Film coating Problems
Blistering
Blooming
Blushing
Bridging
Chipping
Cracking
Cratering
Flaking
Infilling
Orange peel
Peeling
Picking
Pimpling
Pitting
Pulling out
Spitting
Wrinkling

Examples of Moisture Sensitive Materials
Examples of Heat Sensitive Materials
Examples of Highly Cohesive materials

Chapter: Pharmaceutical Excipients
Preservatives
Alcohol
Benzalkonium chloride
Benzoic acid
Boric acid
Butyl paraben
Cresol
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Sodium benzoate
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium metabisulfite

For Otic: Benzalkonium chloride
For vaginal: Benzoic acid, Benzyl alcohol
For Rectal: Benzoic acid, Butylparaben
For intradermal: Cresol
For Dermal: Sodium benzoate

Antimicrobial Preservatives
Alcohol
Benzalkonium chloride
Benzoic acid
Boric acid

Preservatives for Parenteral products
Benzyl alcohol
Chlorobutanol
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Phenol
Sodium bisulphite
Sodium metabisulphite

Preservatives for Opthalmic products
Benzalkonium chloride
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Thiomersal

Preservatives for Oral products
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Sodium benzoate

Preservatives for Creams
Benzoic acid
Benzyl alcohol
Chlorocresol
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Sorbic acid

Antioxidants
Ascorbic acid
Ascorbyl palmitate
Butylated hydroxy anisole
Butylated hydroxy toluene
Butyl paraben
Hydroquinone
Propyl gallate


Antioxidants For aqueous systems
⇨ Sodium sulfite
⇨ Sodium bisulfite
⇨ Sodium metabisulfite০
⇨ Sodium thiosulfite
⇨ Sodium formaldehyde


* Antioxidants for oil system
⇨ Ascorbyl palmitate
⇨ Hydroquinone
⇨ Propyl gallate
⇨ Norhydroguaiaretic acid


Diluents for Tablets/Capsules
Ammonium alginate
Calcium phosphate dibasic
Calcium phosphate tribasic
Calcium sulfate
Dextrose
Lactose
Maltose
Mannitol
Microcrystalline cellulose
Sunflower oil

Diluents for dry powder inhaler
Lactose
Mannitol

Diluents for Liquids
Maltitol
Sunflower oil

Buffering agents
⇨ Calcium carbonate
⇨ Acetate
⇨ Citrate
⇨ Histidine
⇨ Phosphate
⇨ Succinate
⇨ Tris

Lubricants
⇨ Calcium stearate
⇨ Magnesium stearate
⇨ Zinc Stearate

Glidants (Improve flow properties)
⇨ Calcium silicate
⇨ Powdered cellulose
⇨ Magnesium silicate
⇨ Colloidal silicon dioxide
⇨ Talc

Natural Polymers
⇨ Gelatin
⇨ Methyl Cellulose
⇨ Ethyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl-methyl cellulose
⇨ Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethylpropyl cellulose

Examples of Binders
⇨ Copovidone
⇨ Gelatin
⇨ Methyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethylpropyl cellulose

Film forming agents
⇨ Ammonium alginate
⇨ Chitosan
⇨ Copovidone
⇨ Ethyl cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl cellulose
⇨ Hydroxypropyl cellulose
⇨ Gelatin

Disintegrants
Calcium Alginate
Crosspovidone
Crosscarmellose
Primogel

Superdisintegrant (Swell up to 10 fold within 30 seconds)
Crosspovidone
Crosscarmellose
Primogel

Antiadherents
Talc
Magnesium stearate
Corn starch
Silicon oil
Cooloidal  Silicon dioxide
Sodium lauryl sulfate

Dissolution retardant
Waxy materials
Stearic acid
Sodium Stearate

Dissolution Enhancers
Fructose
Povidone
Surfactants



Sweetening Agents
Aspartame
Dextrose
Glycerin
Maltose
Mannitol
Sorbitol

Viscosity increasing agent
Bentonite
Sodium alginate
Methyl cellulose
Carboxy Methyl Cellulose


Stabilizing agents
Bentonite
Calcium alginate
Carboxymethylcellulose calcium
Carboxymethylcellulose sodium
Sodium alginate

Emulsion stabilizers
Colloidal silicon dioxide
Polyethylene glycol
Polymethylvinyl ether


Wetting agents
Benzalkonium chloride
Benzethonium chloride
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)



Sobubilizing agents
Benzalkonium chloride
Benzethonium chloride
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl benzoate


Plasticizers (for soft, flexibility, easily bent,  mold)
Acetyltributyl citrate
Benzyl benzoate
Propylene glycol
Polyethylene glycol



Emulsifying agents
Calcium alginate
Lecithin



Thickening agents
Agar
Ammonium alginate
Calcium alginate
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Hydroxypropyl cellulose

Natural Polymers
Gelatin
Methyl Cellulose
Ethyl Cellulose
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
Hydroxyethyl-methyl cellulose
Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
Hydroxyethylpropyl cellulose

Synthetic Polymers
Polyacrylic acid
Poly vinyl acetate phthalate
Poly vinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone

Coating agents

Non-enteric film coating agents
Methyl cellulose
Hydroxy methyl ethyl cellulose
Hydroxy propyl cellulose
Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose
Polyvinyl phthalate
Polyethylene glycol


Enteric Coating agents
Acetyltributyl citrate
Cellulose acetate phthalate
Polyvinyl acetate phthalate
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate phthalate
Shellac
Zein

Film forming agents
Ammonium alginate
Chitosan
Copovidone
Ethyl cellulose
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Gelatin

Sequestering agents
⇨ Citric acid
⇨ Potassium citrate
⇨ Phosphoric acid
⇨ Sodium phosphate

Suspending agents
Acacia
Agar
Alginic acid
Calcium stearate
Gelatin

Sustained release agents
⇨ Acetyltributyl citrate
⇨ Agar
⇨ Alginic acid
⇨ Castor oil

Humectants
⇨ Ammonium alginate
⇨ Propylene glycol


* Examples of Surfactants
⇨ Sodium lauryl sulfate


Chapter: Pharmaceutical Instruments

* Materials used in Stationary phase of Ion exchange Chromatography
Several matrix Materials such as:
⇨ Cellulose
⇨ Silica
⇨ Coated silica
⇨ Poly acryl amide
⇨ Acrylate co-polymer

Solvents used in Mobile phase of Ion exchange Chromatography
⇨ EDTA
⇨ Polyols
⇨ Glycerol
⇨ Glucose
⇨ Saccharose

Materials used in Stationary phase of Gas Chromatigraphy
⇨ Cyanopropylphenyl dimethyl polysiloxane
⇨ Biscyanopropyl cyanopropylphenyl polysiloxane
⇨ Diphenyl dimethyl polysiloxane
⇨ Carbowax polyethyleneglycol

Solvents used in Mobile phase of Gas Chromatography
Inert gases such as
⇨ Helium gas
⇨ Argon gas
⇨ Nitrogen gas
⇨ Hydrogen gas

Detectors used in Gas Chromatography
⇨ 


Solvents used in Stationary phase of RP-HPLC (Hydrophobic/Non-Polar)
Hydrophobic materials such as
⇨ Octadecyl Carbon Chain silica (C-18)
⇨Cyano-bonded Silica
⇨ 

Solvents used in Mobile phase of RP-HPLC (Hydrophilic/Polar in nature)
⇨Methanol
⇨ Water

Materials used in Stationary phase of NP-HPLC (Hydrophilic/ Polar in nature)
⇨ Silica gel


pPMSolvents used in Mobile phase of Normal Phase HPLC (Hydrophobic /Non-polar)
⇨Hexane
⇨ Carbon tetracloride

Materials used in Stationary phase of Size Exclusion Chromatography
Various types of gels such as
⇨ Polyacrylamide
⇨ Dextran
⇨ Agarose
⇨ Modified Polystyrene


Chapter: Quality Assurance
Critical parametes  in Process validation on process design stage


Examples of Critical Deviation
⇨ Manufacturing instructions are not followed
⇨ Wrong batch details are printed
⇨ SOPs are not followed

Chapter: Microbiology
Gases used in Gas sterilization
⇨ Formldehyde
⇨ Sulfur dioxide
⇨ Ethylene oxide
⇨ Beta propiolactone
⇨ Hydrogen peroxide
⇨ Ozone
⇨ Chlorine dioxide
⇨ Peracetic acid

Gram positive Bacteria
⇨ Bacilus anthracis
⇨ Clostridium tetani
⇨ Staphylococcus
⇨ 1Streptococcus

Gram-negative Bacteria
⇨ Escherichia coli
⇨ Helicobacter
⇨ Hemophilus
⇨ Neisseria

Chapter: Research & Development

Stability indicating quality parameters (Finished product test)
A) In case of Tablets
⇨ Appearance
⇨ Hardness
⇨ Friability
⇨ Moisture Content
⇨ Dissolution time
⇨ Degradants
⇨ Assay
⇨ Microbial Purity

Factors  considering during Stability study
Temperature
Humidity
pH
Air
Light
Radiation
Particle size
Nature of Container
Contamination
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Photostability

Critical Process Parameters in drug development
⇨ pH
⇨ Dissolved Oxygen
⇨ Oxidation-reduction potential
⇨ Disintegration time
⇨ Dissolution time
⇨ Impurities
⇨ Water content
⇨ Dose accuracy




























































Pharmacology
Appha adrenergic blocking drugs
Phentolamine

Beta adrenergic blocking drugs
Acebutolol HCl
Atenolol
Metoprolol

Both Alpha & Beta adrenergic blocking drugs
Carvedilol
Labetalol

Antiadrenergic drugs
Clonidine HCl

Classification of Barbiturates
1) Ultra Short acting barbiturates: Thiamylal, Thiopental
2) Short acting barbiturates: Pentobarbilat, Secobarbital
3) Intermediate acting barbiturates: Amobarbital, Aprobarbital, Butabarbital
4) Long-acting barbiturates: Mephobarbital, Phenobarbital

Examples of Benzodiazepines
Estazolam
Flurazepam
Quazepam

Central Nervous System

1. CNS Stimulants
2. CNS depressants

Classification of CNS stimulant drugs
1. Directly acting on CNS
2. Reflexly acting on CNS
⇨ Ammonia
⇨ Lobeline
⇨ Nocotine

Classification of directing acting on CNS drugs
1. Cortical stimulants
⇨ Aminophylline
⇨ Atropine
⇨ Cocaine
⇨ Ephedrine
⇨ Theophylline

2. Medullary Stimulants
⇨ Amiphenadine
⇨ Adrenaline
⇨ Bemegride
⇨ Leptazole
⇨ Picrotoxin

3. Spinal Stimulants
⇨ Brucine
⇨ Strychnine
⇨ Thebaine

Classification of CNS depressants
1. Sedatives
⇨ Diazepam
⇨ Oxazepam

2. Hypnotics
⇨ Clobazepam
⇨ Clorazepam
⇨ Nitazepam

3. Narcotics
⇨ Codeine
⇨ Morphine
⇨ Thebaine

4. General anesthetics
⇨ Chloroform
⇨ Ethylene
⇨ Halothane
⇨ Nitrogen di oxide

Antidepressants
1) Tricyclic antidepressants

⇨ Amoxapine
⇨ Doxepine
⇨ Clomipramine
⇨ Desipramine
⇨ Imipramine
⇨ Trimipramine
⇨ Maprotiline
⇨ Amitryptyline
⇨ Nortriptyline
⇨ Protriptyline


2) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
⇨ Isocarboxazid
⇨ Phenelzine
⇨ Selegiline
⇨ Tranylcypromine

3) Selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
⇨ Citalopram
⇨ Escitalopram
⇨ Fluoxetine
⇨ Fluvoxamine
⇨ Paroxetine
⇨ Sertraline

4) Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors
⇨ Desvenlafaxine
⇨ Duloxetine
⇨ Levomilnacipran
⇨ Venlafaxine

4) Atypical Antidepressants
⇨ Bupropion
⇨ Mirtazapine
⇨ Nefazodone

Anesthetic drugs
Anesthesia
Anesthesia is a loss of feeling or sensation.

Classification of Anesthetic drugs
1. Local anesthetic
2. General Anesthetics

1)Local anesthetic drugs
⇨ Articaine HCl
⇨ Bupivacaine HCl
⇨ Chloroprocaine
⇨ Prilocaine HCl

General Anesthetics
⇨ Ancuronium bromide
⇨ Atracurium besylate
⇨ Doxacurium chloride
⇨ Succinylcholine chloride

⇨ Chloroform
⇨ Ethylene
⇨ Halothane
⇨ Nitrogen di oxide

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
⇨ These drugs block cholinergic transmission between motor nerve ending and the nicotinic receptors on the skeletal muscle.
⇨ Neuromuscular blocking agents bind to acetylcholine receptors postsynaptically and inhibit the action of acetylcholine.
⇨ This blocks causes paralysis of the muscle.
⇨ Neuromuscular blocking agents are used as an adjacent to anesthesia in order to prevent movement of muscle during surgery.
⇨ These drugs provide complete muscle relaxation at lower doses,  allowing for more rapid recovery from anaesthesia and reducing postoperative respiratory depression.

Classification of Neuromuscular blocking agents
1. Nondepolarizing blockers
2. Depolarizing agents

Nondepolarizing blockers:
⇨ Cisatracurium
⇨ Pancurium
⇨ Rocuronium
⇨ Vecuronium

Depolarizing agents
⇨ Succinylcholine

Antihistamines
A) H1 receptor blockers
⇨ Dipheniramine HCl
⇨ Dimen hydrinate
⇨ Promethazine HCl
⇨ Chlorpheniramine
⇨ Chlorcyclizine
⇨ Tetrahydroxy Carboline
⇨ Pheniramine Maleate
⇨ Mepyramine

2) Anti-emetic & anti-motion sickness
⇨ Dimenhydrinate
⇨ Diphenhydramine
⇨ Hydroxyzine
⇨ Promethazine

3) Anti-Parkinsonism
⇨ Orphenadrine
⇨ Phenindamine

B) H2 receptor blockers
⇨ Buriamide
⇨ Cimetidine
⇨ Famotidine
⇨ Lafutidine
⇨ Nizatidine
⇨ Ranitidine

Bronchodilators
1) Sympathomimetics
⇨ Albuterol
⇨ Isoproterenol
⇨ Levalbuterol

2) Xanthine derivatives
⇨ Aminophylline
⇨ Theophylline

Anticoagulant (Prevent coagulation of blood)
⇨ Clopidogrel
⇨ Prasugrel
⇨ Warfarin

Thrombolytic drugs (Dissolve blood clot)
1) Tissue plasminogen activator
⇨ Alteplase
⇨ Reteplase
⇨ Tenecteplase

2) Anistreplase
⇨ Eminase

3) Streptokinase
⇨ Kabikinase
⇨ Streptase

4) Urokinase
⇨ Abbokinase

Anti-Viral Drugs
1) Treatment of respiratory virus infections
⇨ Amantadine
⇨ Ribavirin
⇨ Rimantadine

2) Treatment of Herpes and cytomegalovirus infection
⇨ Acyclovir
⇨ Famciclovir
⇨ Ganciclovir
⇨ Trifluridine
⇨ Vidarabine

3) Treatment of HIV infection
⇨ Didanosine
⇨ Stavudine
⇨ Zalcitabine

Antifungal drugs
⇨ Amphotericin B
⇨ Flucytosine
⇨ Fluconazole
⇨ Itraconazole
⇨ Posaconazole
⇨ Voriconazole
⇨ Echinocandins

2) Drugs for Cutaneous Mycotic Infections
⇨ Terbinafine
⇨ Griseofulvin
⇨ Nystatin
⇨ Imidazole
⇨ Ciclopirox

Drugs for Megaloblastic Anaemia
⇨ Vitamin B12
⇨ Folic Acid
⇨ Vitamin C

Drugs for Gastric acidity
1) Antacids
Aluminium hydroxides
Magnesium hydroxides
Calcium carbonare
Sodium bicarbonate

2) Proton pump inhibitors
Esomeprazole
Lansoprazole
Omeprazole
Pantoprazole
Rabeprazole

3) H2 receptor antagonistics
⇨ Cimetidine
⇨ Famotidine
⇨ Nizatidine
⇨ Ranitidine

Teratogenic drugs (Harmful effect on fetus)
⇨ Tetracycine
⇨ Warfarin
⇨ Aspirin
⇨ Thalidomide
⇨ Infomethacin

Antibiotic drug
Penicillins
Natural penicillin
Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicilin)
Penicillin V (Acid stable) (Phenoxymethyl Penicillin)
Penicillin VK

Beta lactamase resistant Penicillins
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Methicillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin

Beta Lactamase Inhibitors
⇨ Clavulanic Acid
⇨ Sulbactam
⇨ Tazobactam

Aminopenicillins
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Bacampicillin
Epicillin
Hetacillin
Metampicillin
Pivampicillin
Talampicillin

Carboxypenicillins
Carcenicillin
Ticarcillin

Broadspectrum Penicillins



Narrow Spectrum Penicillins
⇨ Penicillin G


Extended Spectrum Penicillins
⇨  Ampicillin
⇨ Amoxicillin
⇨ Becampicillin
⇨ Carbenicillin
⇨ Mezlocillin
⇨ Piperacillin
⇨ Ticarcillin



Cephalosporins
First generation (Active against gram positive bacteria)
Cefadroxil
Cefazolin
Cephalothin
Cephelexin
Cephradine

Second generation (Active against gram negative bacteria)
Cefaclor
Cefmetazole
Cefonicid
Cefotetan
Cefoxitin
Cefprozil
Cefuroxime

Third generation (Active against gram negative bacteria)
Cefiazidime
Cefixime
Cefoperazone
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidine
Ceftriaxone
Moxalactam

Fourth generation (Active against gram positive & gram negative bacteria)
Cefclidine
Cefepime
Cefluprenam
Cefpirome
Cefoselis
Flomoxef

Fift generation 
Ceftaroline fosamil
Ceftobiprole
Ceftolozane


Vitamins
Vit A1: Retinol
Vit B1: Thiamine
Vit B2: Riboflavin
Vit B3: Niacin
Vit B5: Pantothenic acid
Vit B6: Pyridoxine
Vit B7: Biotin
Vit B9: Folic acid
Vit B12: Cyanocobalamin
Vit C: Ascorbic acid
Vit D2: Ergocalciferol
Vit D3: Chole Calciferol
Vit E: Tocopherol

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