Pharmaceutical Job related All Examples
Chatper: Pharmaceutical Production
Wet granulators
1. Shear granulator
2. High speed granulator
3. Fluidized bed granulator
4. Spray drier
5. Spheronizer
Dry granulators
1. Slugger
2. Roller compactor
Critical Quality Attributes of Fluid Bed Granulation Process
⇨ Moisture Content
⇨ Particle size
Critical process parameters of Fluid Bed Granulation Process
⇨ Inlet air flow
⇨ Inlet air temperature
⇨ Spray rate
⇨ Atomising pressure
Examples of Chelating agents
Dihydroxy ethyl glycine
Citric acid
Tartaric acid
Problems of Tableting
Binding
Capping
Chipping
Cracking
Double impression
Hardness variation
Lamination
Mottling
Picking
Sticking
Weight variation
Film coating Problems
Blistering
Blooming
Blushing
Bridging
Chipping
Cracking
Cratering
Flaking
Infilling
Orange peel
Peeling
Picking
Pimpling
Pitting
Pulling out
Spitting
Wrinkling
Examples of Moisture Sensitive Materials
Examples of Heat Sensitive Materials
Examples of Highly Cohesive materials
Chapter: Pharmaceutical Excipients
Preservatives
Alcohol
Benzalkonium chloride
Benzoic acid
Boric acid
Butyl paraben
Cresol
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Sodium benzoate
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium metabisulfite
For Otic: Benzalkonium chloride
For vaginal: Benzoic acid, Benzyl alcohol
For Rectal: Benzoic acid, Butylparaben
For intradermal: Cresol
For Dermal: Sodium benzoate
Antimicrobial Preservatives
Alcohol
Benzalkonium chloride
Benzoic acid
Boric acid
Preservatives for Parenteral products
Benzyl alcohol
Chlorobutanol
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Phenol
Sodium bisulphite
Sodium metabisulphite
Preservatives for Opthalmic products
Benzalkonium chloride
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Thiomersal
Preservatives for Oral products
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Sodium benzoate
Preservatives for Creams
Benzoic acid
Benzyl alcohol
Chlorocresol
Methyl paraben
Propyl paraben
Sorbic acid
Antioxidants
Ascorbic acid
Ascorbyl palmitate
Butylated hydroxy anisole
Butylated hydroxy toluene
Butyl paraben
Hydroquinone
Propyl gallate
Antioxidants For aqueous systems
⇨ Sodium sulfite
⇨ Sodium bisulfite
⇨ Sodium metabisulfite০
⇨ Sodium thiosulfite
⇨ Sodium formaldehyde
* Antioxidants for oil system
⇨ Ascorbyl palmitate
⇨ Hydroquinone
⇨ Propyl gallate
⇨ Norhydroguaiaretic acid
Diluents for Tablets/Capsules
Ammonium alginate
Calcium phosphate dibasic
Calcium phosphate tribasic
Calcium sulfate
Dextrose
Lactose
Maltose
Mannitol
Microcrystalline cellulose
Sunflower oil
Diluents for dry powder inhaler
Lactose
Mannitol
Diluents for Liquids
Maltitol
Sunflower oil
Buffering agents
⇨ Calcium carbonate
⇨ Acetate
⇨ Citrate
⇨ Histidine
⇨ Phosphate
⇨ Succinate
⇨ Tris
Lubricants
⇨ Calcium stearate
⇨ Magnesium stearate
⇨ Zinc Stearate
Glidants (Improve flow properties)
⇨ Calcium silicate
⇨ Powdered cellulose
⇨ Magnesium silicate
⇨ Colloidal silicon dioxide
⇨ Talc
Natural Polymers
⇨ Gelatin
⇨ Methyl Cellulose
⇨ Ethyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl-methyl cellulose
⇨ Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethylpropyl cellulose
Examples of Binders
⇨ Copovidone
⇨ Gelatin
⇨ Methyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethylpropyl cellulose
Film forming agents
⇨ Ammonium alginate
⇨ Chitosan
⇨ Copovidone
⇨ Ethyl cellulose
⇨ Hydroxyethyl cellulose
⇨ Hydroxypropyl cellulose
⇨ Gelatin
Disintegrants
Calcium Alginate
Crosspovidone
Crosscarmellose
Primogel
Superdisintegrant (Swell up to 10 fold within 30 seconds)
Crosspovidone
Crosscarmellose
Primogel
Antiadherents
Talc
Magnesium stearate
Corn starch
Silicon oil
Cooloidal Silicon dioxide
Sodium lauryl sulfate
Dissolution retardant
Waxy materials
Stearic acid
Sodium Stearate
Dissolution Enhancers
Fructose
Povidone
Surfactants
Sweetening Agents
Aspartame
Dextrose
Glycerin
Maltose
Mannitol
Sorbitol
Viscosity increasing agent
Bentonite
Sodium alginate
Methyl cellulose
Carboxy Methyl Cellulose
Stabilizing agents
Bentonite
Calcium alginate
Carboxymethylcellulose calcium
Carboxymethylcellulose sodium
Sodium alginate
Emulsion stabilizers
Colloidal silicon dioxide
Polyethylene glycol
Polymethylvinyl ether
Wetting agents
Benzalkonium chloride
Benzethonium chloride
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)
Sobubilizing agents
Benzalkonium chloride
Benzethonium chloride
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl benzoate
Plasticizers (for soft, flexibility, easily bent, mold)
Acetyltributyl citrate
Benzyl benzoate
Propylene glycol
Polyethylene glycol
Emulsifying agents
Calcium alginate
Lecithin
Thickening agents
Agar
Ammonium alginate
Calcium alginate
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Natural Polymers
Gelatin
Methyl Cellulose
Ethyl Cellulose
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
Hydroxyethyl-methyl cellulose
Hydroxypropyl Cellulose
Hydroxyethylpropyl cellulose
Synthetic Polymers
Polyacrylic acid
Poly vinyl acetate phthalate
Poly vinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone
Coating agents
Non-enteric film coating agents
Methyl cellulose
Hydroxy methyl ethyl cellulose
Hydroxy propyl cellulose
Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose
Polyvinyl phthalate
Polyethylene glycol
Enteric Coating agents
Acetyltributyl citrate
Cellulose acetate phthalate
Polyvinyl acetate phthalate
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate phthalate
Shellac
Zein
Film forming agents
Ammonium alginate
Chitosan
Copovidone
Ethyl cellulose
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
Hydroxypropyl cellulose
Gelatin
Sequestering agents
⇨ Citric acid
⇨ Potassium citrate
⇨ Phosphoric acid
⇨ Sodium phosphate
Suspending agents
Acacia
Agar
Alginic acid
Calcium stearate
Gelatin
Sustained release agents
⇨ Acetyltributyl citrate
⇨ Agar
⇨ Alginic acid
⇨ Castor oil
Humectants
⇨ Ammonium alginate
⇨ Propylene glycol
* Examples of Surfactants
⇨ Sodium lauryl sulfate
Chapter: Pharmaceutical Instruments
* Materials used in Stationary phase of Ion exchange Chromatography
Several matrix Materials such as:
⇨ Cellulose
⇨ Silica
⇨ Coated silica
⇨ Poly acryl amide
⇨ Acrylate co-polymer
Solvents used in Mobile phase of Ion exchange Chromatography
⇨ EDTA
⇨ Polyols
⇨ Glycerol
⇨ Glucose
⇨ Saccharose
Materials used in Stationary phase of Gas Chromatigraphy
⇨ Cyanopropylphenyl dimethyl polysiloxane
⇨ Biscyanopropyl cyanopropylphenyl polysiloxane
⇨ Diphenyl dimethyl polysiloxane
⇨ Carbowax polyethyleneglycol
Solvents used in Mobile phase of Gas Chromatography
Inert gases such as
⇨ Helium gas
⇨ Argon gas
⇨ Nitrogen gas
⇨ Hydrogen gas
Detectors used in Gas Chromatography
⇨
Solvents used in Stationary phase of RP-HPLC (Hydrophobic/Non-Polar)
Hydrophobic materials such as
⇨ Octadecyl Carbon Chain silica (C-18)
⇨Cyano-bonded Silica
⇨
Solvents used in Mobile phase of RP-HPLC (Hydrophilic/Polar in nature)
⇨Methanol
⇨ Water
Materials used in Stationary phase of NP-HPLC (Hydrophilic/ Polar in nature)
⇨ Silica gel
pPMSolvents used in Mobile phase of Normal Phase HPLC (Hydrophobic /Non-polar)
⇨Hexane
⇨ Carbon tetracloride
Materials used in Stationary phase of Size Exclusion Chromatography
Various types of gels such as
⇨ Polyacrylamide
⇨ Dextran
⇨ Agarose
⇨ Modified Polystyrene
Chapter: Quality Assurance
Critical parametes in Process validation on process design stage
Examples of Critical Deviation
⇨ Manufacturing instructions are not followed
⇨ Wrong batch details are printed
⇨ SOPs are not followed
Chapter: Microbiology
Gases used in Gas sterilization
⇨ Formldehyde
⇨ Sulfur dioxide
⇨ Ethylene oxide
⇨ Beta propiolactone
⇨ Hydrogen peroxide
⇨ Ozone
⇨ Chlorine dioxide
⇨ Peracetic acid
Gram positive Bacteria
⇨ Bacilus anthracis
⇨ Clostridium tetani
⇨ Staphylococcus
⇨ 1Streptococcus
Gram-negative Bacteria
⇨ Escherichia coli
⇨ Helicobacter
⇨ Hemophilus
⇨ Neisseria
Chapter: Research & Development
Stability indicating quality parameters (Finished product test)
A) In case of Tablets
⇨ Appearance
⇨ Hardness
⇨ Friability
⇨ Moisture Content
⇨ Dissolution time
⇨ Degradants
⇨ Assay
⇨ Microbial Purity
Factors considering during Stability study
Temperature
Humidity
pH
Air
Light
Radiation
Particle size
Nature of Container
Contamination
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Photostability
Critical Process Parameters in drug development
⇨ pH
⇨ Dissolved Oxygen
⇨ Oxidation-reduction potential
⇨ Disintegration time
⇨ Dissolution time
⇨ Impurities
⇨ Water content
⇨ Dose accuracy
Pharmacology
Appha adrenergic blocking drugs
Phentolamine
Beta adrenergic blocking drugs
Acebutolol HCl
Atenolol
Metoprolol
Both Alpha & Beta adrenergic blocking drugs
Carvedilol
Labetalol
Antiadrenergic drugs
Clonidine HCl
Classification of Barbiturates
1) Ultra Short acting barbiturates: Thiamylal, Thiopental
2) Short acting barbiturates: Pentobarbilat, Secobarbital
3) Intermediate acting barbiturates: Amobarbital, Aprobarbital, Butabarbital
4) Long-acting barbiturates: Mephobarbital, Phenobarbital
Examples of Benzodiazepines
Estazolam
Flurazepam
Quazepam
Central Nervous System
1. CNS Stimulants
2. CNS depressants
Classification of CNS stimulant drugs
1. Directly acting on CNS
2. Reflexly acting on CNS
⇨ Ammonia
⇨ Lobeline
⇨ Nocotine
Classification of directing acting on CNS drugs
1. Cortical stimulants
⇨ Aminophylline
⇨ Atropine
⇨ Cocaine
⇨ Ephedrine
⇨ Theophylline
2. Medullary Stimulants
⇨ Amiphenadine
⇨ Adrenaline
⇨ Bemegride
⇨ Leptazole
⇨ Picrotoxin
3. Spinal Stimulants
⇨ Brucine
⇨ Strychnine
⇨ Thebaine
Classification of CNS depressants
1. Sedatives
⇨ Diazepam
⇨ Oxazepam
2. Hypnotics
⇨ Clobazepam
⇨ Clorazepam
⇨ Nitazepam
3. Narcotics
⇨ Codeine
⇨ Morphine
⇨ Thebaine
4. General anesthetics
⇨ Chloroform
⇨ Ethylene
⇨ Halothane
⇨ Nitrogen di oxide
Antidepressants
1) Tricyclic antidepressants
⇨ Amoxapine
⇨ Doxepine
⇨ Clomipramine
⇨ Desipramine
⇨ Imipramine
⇨ Trimipramine
⇨ Maprotiline
⇨ Amitryptyline
⇨ Nortriptyline
⇨ Protriptyline
2) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
⇨ Isocarboxazid
⇨ Phenelzine
⇨ Selegiline
⇨ Tranylcypromine
3) Selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
⇨ Citalopram
⇨ Escitalopram
⇨ Fluoxetine
⇨ Fluvoxamine
⇨ Paroxetine
⇨ Sertraline
4) Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors
⇨ Desvenlafaxine
⇨ Duloxetine
⇨ Levomilnacipran
⇨ Venlafaxine
4) Atypical Antidepressants
⇨ Bupropion
⇨ Mirtazapine
⇨ Nefazodone
Anesthetic drugs
Anesthesia
Anesthesia is a loss of feeling or sensation.
Classification of Anesthetic drugs
1. Local anesthetic
2. General Anesthetics
1)Local anesthetic drugs
⇨ Articaine HCl
⇨ Bupivacaine HCl
⇨ Chloroprocaine
⇨ Prilocaine HCl
General Anesthetics
⇨ Ancuronium bromide
⇨ Atracurium besylate
⇨ Doxacurium chloride
⇨ Succinylcholine chloride
⇨ Chloroform
⇨ Ethylene
⇨ Halothane
⇨ Nitrogen di oxide
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
⇨ These drugs block cholinergic transmission between motor nerve ending and the nicotinic receptors on the skeletal muscle.
⇨ Neuromuscular blocking agents bind to acetylcholine receptors postsynaptically and inhibit the action of acetylcholine.
⇨ This blocks causes paralysis of the muscle.
⇨ Neuromuscular blocking agents are used as an adjacent to anesthesia in order to prevent movement of muscle during surgery.
⇨ These drugs provide complete muscle relaxation at lower doses, allowing for more rapid recovery from anaesthesia and reducing postoperative respiratory depression.
Classification of Neuromuscular blocking agents
1. Nondepolarizing blockers
2. Depolarizing agents
Nondepolarizing blockers:
⇨ Cisatracurium
⇨ Pancurium
⇨ Rocuronium
⇨ Vecuronium
Depolarizing agents
⇨ Succinylcholine
Antihistamines
A) H1 receptor blockers
⇨ Dipheniramine HCl
⇨ Dimen hydrinate
⇨ Promethazine HCl
⇨ Chlorpheniramine
⇨ Chlorcyclizine
⇨ Tetrahydroxy Carboline
⇨ Pheniramine Maleate
⇨ Mepyramine
2) Anti-emetic & anti-motion sickness
⇨ Dimenhydrinate
⇨ Diphenhydramine
⇨ Hydroxyzine
⇨ Promethazine
3) Anti-Parkinsonism
⇨ Orphenadrine
⇨ Phenindamine
B) H2 receptor blockers
⇨ Buriamide
⇨ Cimetidine
⇨ Famotidine
⇨ Lafutidine
⇨ Nizatidine
⇨ Ranitidine
Bronchodilators
1) Sympathomimetics
⇨ Albuterol
⇨ Isoproterenol
⇨ Levalbuterol
2) Xanthine derivatives
⇨ Aminophylline
⇨ Theophylline
Anticoagulant (Prevent coagulation of blood)
⇨ Clopidogrel
⇨ Prasugrel
⇨ Warfarin
Thrombolytic drugs (Dissolve blood clot)
1) Tissue plasminogen activator
⇨ Alteplase
⇨ Reteplase
⇨ Tenecteplase
2) Anistreplase
⇨ Eminase
3) Streptokinase
⇨ Kabikinase
⇨ Streptase
4) Urokinase
⇨ Abbokinase
Anti-Viral Drugs
1) Treatment of respiratory virus infections
⇨ Amantadine
⇨ Ribavirin
⇨ Rimantadine
2) Treatment of Herpes and cytomegalovirus infection
⇨ Acyclovir
⇨ Famciclovir
⇨ Ganciclovir
⇨ Trifluridine
⇨ Vidarabine
3) Treatment of HIV infection
⇨ Didanosine
⇨ Stavudine
⇨ Zalcitabine
Antifungal drugs
⇨ Amphotericin B
⇨ Flucytosine
⇨ Fluconazole
⇨ Itraconazole
⇨ Posaconazole
⇨ Voriconazole
⇨ Echinocandins
2) Drugs for Cutaneous Mycotic Infections
⇨ Terbinafine
⇨ Griseofulvin
⇨ Nystatin
⇨ Imidazole
⇨ Ciclopirox
Drugs for Megaloblastic Anaemia
⇨ Vitamin B12
⇨ Folic Acid
⇨ Vitamin C
Drugs for Gastric acidity
1) Antacids
Aluminium hydroxides
Magnesium hydroxides
Calcium carbonare
Sodium bicarbonate
2) Proton pump inhibitors
Esomeprazole
Lansoprazole
Omeprazole
Pantoprazole
Rabeprazole
3) H2 receptor antagonistics
⇨ Cimetidine
⇨ Famotidine
⇨ Nizatidine
⇨ Ranitidine
Teratogenic drugs (Harmful effect on fetus)
⇨ Tetracycine
⇨ Warfarin
⇨ Aspirin
⇨ Thalidomide
⇨ Infomethacin
Antibiotic drug
Penicillins
Natural penicillin
Penicillin G (Benzyl Penicilin)
Penicillin V (Acid stable) (Phenoxymethyl Penicillin)
Penicillin VK
Beta lactamase resistant Penicillins
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Methicillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Beta Lactamase Inhibitors
⇨ Clavulanic Acid
⇨ Sulbactam
⇨ Tazobactam
Aminopenicillins
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Bacampicillin
Epicillin
Hetacillin
Metampicillin
Pivampicillin
Talampicillin
Carboxypenicillins
Carcenicillin
Ticarcillin
Broadspectrum Penicillins
Narrow Spectrum Penicillins
⇨ Penicillin G
Extended Spectrum Penicillins
⇨ Ampicillin
⇨ Amoxicillin
⇨ Becampicillin
⇨ Carbenicillin
⇨ Mezlocillin
⇨ Piperacillin
⇨ Ticarcillin
Cephalosporins
First generation (Active against gram positive bacteria)
Cefadroxil
Cefazolin
Cephalothin
Cephelexin
Cephradine
Second generation (Active against gram negative bacteria)
Cefaclor
Cefmetazole
Cefonicid
Cefotetan
Cefoxitin
Cefprozil
Cefuroxime
Third generation (Active against gram negative bacteria)
Cefiazidime
Cefixime
Cefoperazone
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidine
Ceftriaxone
Moxalactam
Fourth generation (Active against gram positive & gram negative bacteria)
Cefclidine
Cefepime
Cefluprenam
Cefpirome
Cefoselis
Flomoxef
Fift generation
Ceftaroline fosamil
Ceftobiprole
Ceftolozane
Vitamins
Vit A1: Retinol
Vit B1: Thiamine
Vit B2: Riboflavin
Vit B3: Niacin
Vit B5: Pantothenic acid
Vit B6: Pyridoxine
Vit B7: Biotin
Vit B9: Folic acid
Vit B12: Cyanocobalamin
Vit C: Ascorbic acid
Vit D2: Ergocalciferol
Vit D3: Chole Calciferol
Vit E: Tocopherol
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